What does the Fourth Amendment protect against?

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution specifically safeguards individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. This amendment ensures that law enforcement authorities cannot conduct searches of personal property or seize belongings without a legal basis, which usually requires either a warrant or probable cause. The requirement of a warrant, based on probable cause, acts as a protective measure for individuals' privacy rights and personal security.

In the context of the given choices, the correct answer encapsulates the essence of the Fourth Amendment's protections, which are foundational to ensuring that citizens are not subjected to arbitrary intrusions by the state. The other options do not pertain to the Fourth Amendment's core focus on personal privacy and the need for lawful procedures in the context of searches and seizures. Instead, they address various issues related to public conduct and civil engagement, which fall outside the specific protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment.