What constitutes a seizure in law enforcement?

A seizure in law enforcement is defined as a situation in which an individual submits to the authority of a police officer. This occurs when an officer indicates through their conduct or actions that the individual is not free to leave, and the individual then complies with that authority. The key factor is the submission to a show of authority, which communicates that the officer has established control over the situation.

This concept stems from the interpretation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. The crucial element is the individual’s response to the officer's authority; when a person acknowledges that they must comply with the officer’s directives, that constitutes a seizure.

In contrast, when a person flees from an officer, this does not qualify as a seizure. Similarly, if an officer simply issues a verbal command without any indication that the individual is not free to leave, this might not constitute an official seizure until the person acknowledges the authority. Probable cause is related to the justification for making an arrest, but it doesn't, on its own, define a seizure without the element of submission involved.